句子的种类与类型整理.doc

PAGE PAGE 3句子的种类与类型句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。高考重点要求： 掌握感叹句的用法和构成掌握祈使句的构成及作用掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答分清简单句和复合句的类型一、句子的成分句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。1．主语是一个句子的中心，主语的位置一般在句首。2．谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态，一般在主语之后。3．表语位置在连系动词之后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态。4．宾语表示动作的对象，即动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词或介词后。5．补语补充说明宾语或主语的特征或状态.6．定语修饰名词、代词7．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。二、句子的类型1、按句子的用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：用来陈述一件事实或表达一种看法如：He is six years old. She didn’t hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：用来提出疑问如： Do they like skating?How old she is?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim. can’t she?3）祈使句：用来表示发出命令或发出请求如：Be careful, boys. Don’t talk in class.4）感叹句：用来表示各种强烈的感情如：How clever the boy is! What a delicious hamburger!2、按句子的结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。如.： He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She like drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspaper.2 并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，句语句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。常见并列连词（and, but, or等）如：You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子，从句由从属连词引导。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。如： The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 三、祈使句、感叹句、疑问句1、祈使句：表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Let’s开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。1．肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time!2．否定祈使句，即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。如：Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.3．以Let’s 或let开头的句子。如：Let’s go together. Let him go first.4．以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如：Do come to see me if you have time.2、感叹句：含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式：（1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词；（2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词；（3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。1．What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如：What a hot day （it is）!What good advice the teacher gave us!What high buildings （they are）!2．How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如：How interesting the book is!How hard they are working!3、疑问句：用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。1.一般疑问句: 一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如： Are you an engineer? Yes, I am或No, I am not.2.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如：What has happened to her?When did he fly to America?3.选择疑问句: 在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如：—Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? –I enjoy playing volleyball.—Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? –On the 21st floor.4.反意疑问句:表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用否定形式；反之，简略问句用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗读时，陈述部分通常用降调，简略问句部分用升、降调随情况而定。如：—You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didn’t you?—Yes, I did. 或No, I didn’t .四、简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+不及物动词：如： We work.. He died. 2、主语+及物动词+宾语：如： Henry bought a dictionary. She studies English.3、主语+系动词+表语：如： He is a student. I am busy.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：如： My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：如： Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。五、并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。如：The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。如： Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。如：He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。如：. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.六、复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子，从句由从属连词引导。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。历届高考试题分析例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ? A. wasn’t there B. was there C. didn’t it D. did it解析 反意疑问句前面肯定，后面否定。there be句型的反意部分不作特殊变化。例2、Dont be discouraged. things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life. A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Take答案选C。解析 查“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。表示：如果……就……。例3、Mrs Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, ?A. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt she D. does she答案为D。解析 因为主句是否定句，其主语是Mrs Black，所以它的反意疑问句是does she。在含有宾语从句的句子中，除第一人称外，要根据其主句的主语确定反意疑问句。 例4、 role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A. How interesting B. How an interesting C. What interesting D. What an interesting答案选D。解析根据感叹句的构成规则，不难看出正确选项。例5、Brian told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, ?A. was there B. wasnt there C. didnt he D. did he答案为C。解析 这是一个反意疑问句。主语是Brian，所以要填didnt he。例6、 —English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?—Yes. more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known答案为A。解析 本句用“祈使句+and+句子”的并列句型，表示含有条件状语从句的复合句的意思，所以祈使句应以不带to的不定式开始。例7、I thought Jim would say some thing about his school report, but he it.A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned答案为C。解析 宾语从句中的动作和but引导的分句中的动作发生在同一时间，所以两个并列成分的时态保持一致，都是过去时。例8、—Thanks for the lovely party and the delicious food.— .A. No thanks B. Never mind C. All right D. My pleasure答案为D。解析 本题考查回答感谢的交际用语。“No thanks”不符合英语表达法。“Never mind”是没关系，“All right”是“好吧”的意思，可以排除A、B、C。例9、—Lets go swimming, shall we?— .A. Its my pleasure B. It doesnt matterC. Yes, lets go D.I agree with you答案为C。解析 这是一个反意疑问句，反意疑问句与一般疑问句的答语相似之处就是要用Yes或No作明确回答。当对方用Lets…征求意见时，可以回答Yes, lets…译文：“我们去游泳，好吗?”“好的，走吧。”Its ones/a pleasure是对“Thank you”的回答；It doesnt matter是对“Sorry”的回答。I agree with you是同意别人的观点、看法。例10、—I enjoyed the food very much.—Im glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like.— A. Is it all right? B. Im afraid I wont be free.C. Yes, I will. D. Thats great.答案为C。解析 当对方邀请做某事时，可以回答Yes, I will.或Certainly, I will.译文：“我非常喜欢这种食物。”“我很高兴你喜欢它。请什么时候顺便到家来。”“好的，我会来的。”用Is it all right?和I’ m afraid I wont be free.回答很不客气。Thats great.的意思是“那太好了。”不符合日常说话的习惯。一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、选择填空：1. Give me one more minute I’ll be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ? A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it3. joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. What C. What a D. What an4. Let us pass, ? A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you5. I suppose he’s serious, ? A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he6. You had better not smoke here, ? A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you7. Train as hard as you can you’ll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. and D. or8. I’m sorry to have to say this, you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and . A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, others enjoy swimming. A. or B. for C. while D. so11. Do you feel like going out would you rather have dinner at home? I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so12. “ is the temperature today?” “It’s 38 degrees.” A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high13. Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? . A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is14. friendly to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, she felt very tired. A. or B. so C. for D. yet16. Mother a dress when she cut her finger. A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made17. He lay in bed read something borrowed from library. A. but B. and C. or D. yet18. I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. what you want and I can get it for you. A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me19. As he is strong, can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he20. I thought you had an umbrella. I had, I’ve lost it. A. since B. but C. because D. so21. down the radio the baby’s asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn22. I don’t like chicken fish. I don’t like chicken I like fish very much. A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but23. Would you like to come to dinner tonight? I’d like to, I’m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, , in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A. whom B. where C. which D. while28. it with me and I’ll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave29. Alice, you feed the bird today, ? But I fed it yesterday. A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you30. him and then try to copy what he does. A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch三、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ?（完成反意疑问）4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.改为一般疑问句6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）8. They could hardly believe his words, ?（完成反意疑问）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）参考答案：一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句二、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD三、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story it is! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?