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空气污染可能增加骨折风险

句子大全 2018-08-25 19:59:16
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本次精读的文章选自纽约时报,据相关研究报告显示,空气污染可能会增加骨质疏松和骨折的风险。现将文中的6段进行精读分享。

段落解析

Investigators analyzed data from two studies.The first trackedhospital admissionsamong 9.2 millionMedicare recipientsin the Northeast over eight years. The second looked at levels ofparathyroid hormone, whichaidsbone health, in 692 middle-aged low-income men in Boston.

【翻译】

研究人员分析了两项研究的数据。第一项研究追踪了美国东北部920万医疗受益者8年以来的入院记录。第二项研究调查了波士顿的692位中年低收入群体的甲状旁腺激素水平,该激素有助于骨骼健康。

【生词】

Medicare recipients 医疗保险受益人

hospital admissions 入院

parathyroid hormone n. 甲状旁腺(激)素

aid vt. 帮助, 援助

【解析】

The first……the second,是表达顺序的常用搭配,在本文中指代亮项研究。

分句中:The secondlooked atlevels of parathyroid hormone,whichaidsbone health, in 692middle-aged low-incomemen in Boston.

look at检查某事物;浏览…;朝…看。

与之相近的搭配有look into,调查;观察;窥视

aid在此处为动词,意为有助于,它作名词时,还有救援物资、辅助设备等含义。

middle-aged / low-income,两个形容词并列使用,修饰后面的名词men。

另外,句中的which指代parathyroid hormone(甲状旁腺激素),引导了一个定语从句。

The study, in Lancet Planetary Health, found that the risk for bonefracturesamong people over 65 increased steadily as levels of air pollution — specifically,particulate mattersmaller than 2.5 micrometers, or PM 2.5 — went up. Rates were almost 5 percent higher in areas with the highestconcentrationsof PM 2.5 than in those with the lowest.

【翻译】

《柳叶刀星球健康》期刊杂志上的一项研究发现65岁以上人群的骨折风险会随着空气污染水平(特别是小于2.5微米的悬浮微粒,或者说是PM2.5)上升稳步增长。在PM2.5浓度最高的地区,骨折发病率要比PM2.5浓度最低的地方高几乎5%。

【生词】

fracture n. 破裂,断裂;骨折 vi. 破裂;折断

particulate matter 微粒物质;悬浮微粒

concentrations 浓度

【解析】

The study, in Lancet Planetary Health,found thatthe risk(for bone fractures among people over 65)increasedsteadily(aslevels of air pollution— specifically, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers, or PM 2.5 —went up.)

这个句子的主句为红色部分,found that 引导了一个宾语从句,(for bone fractures among people over 65)这一块是risk的定语,描述风险的具体内容。

as引导伴随状语,levels of air pollution went up为从句的主干,斜线部分为插入语,插入语中还使用了比较级。

句中particulate意为“微粒,粒子”,它有一个形近词particular特别的、详细的。副词:particularly

Rates were almost 5 percent higherin areas with the highestconcentrations of PM 2.5than inthosewith the lowest.

此句也使用了比较级,主干为划线部分,而其中those指代areas(空气污染水平最低的地区)。

concentrations作名词意为“浓度”,动词形式为concentrate含义为“专心于; 集中于;全神贯注于”

The study in middle-aged men found that people living in locations with higher levels of air pollution had lower concentrations of parathyroid hormone and lower levels ofbone mineral density.

【翻译】

针对中年群体的研究发现,生活在空气污染水平较高地区的人们,体内的甲状旁腺(激)素浓度更低,骨密度也更低。

【生词】

bone mineral density 骨密度

【解析】

peoplelivingin locations with higher levels of air pollutionhadlower concentrations of parathyroid hormone and lower levels of bone mineral density.

此句依然是found that引导的宾语从句,主干为划线部分。

living+……是Ving形式修饰people,相当于形容词:(生活在空气污染水平较高地区的)

“Air pollution is likedilutedsmoking,” said the senior author, Andrea A. Baccarelli, a professor of environmental medicine at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.

【翻译】

“空气污染就像是被稀释了的烟,”哥伦比亚大学梅尔曼公共学院的环境医学教授、高级作者安德里亚·巴卡雷利表示。

【生词】

diluted adj. 稀释的;无力的

【解析】

Air pollution is like dilutedsmoking

smoking这里作名词,意为“烟气”。它的原形是:

smoken. 烟;抽烟;无常的事物

vi. 冒烟,吸烟;抽烟;弥漫

“Smoking causes cancer,cardiovasculardisease and bone mineral density loss. So does air pollution. Even at pollution levels the Environmental Protection Agency considers acceptable, there is still an increased risk.”

【翻译】

“吸烟会导致癌症,心血管疾病以及骨密度降低。空气污染也会引起这些疾病。即使空气污染水平在美国环境保护署认为可以接受的范围内,骨折风险仍然在增加。”

【生词】

cardiovascular adj. 心血管的

【解析】

Even at pollution levels (that)the Environmental Protection Agency considers (are)acceptable,there is still anincreasedrisk.”

这句话有pollution levels省略了that,划线部分为pollution levels的定语从句。而定语从句可还原应该为:

the Environmental Protection Agency considers pollution levels areacceptable.

increased为increase的过去式,此处作过去式作形容词,意为:“增加的,上升的”。

本文来源《纽约时报》,仅供学习与交流,侵删。

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