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中学英语语法讲义:分词

句子大全 2009-12-15 16:28:55
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Having been there once,she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次,她对那地方很熟悉。 Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。 注:(1) 现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作,但有区别:现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作,但两者之间没有时间间隔,而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔: Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后,他就出去了。 Having invited him here to speak,we’d better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告,我们最好去听一下。 有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生,但如果要强调分词动作的完成性,也应用现在分词的完成式: Having bought our tickets,we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。 (2) 现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语: 误:Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗? 误:I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。 若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作,而不能先于谓语动作而发生): 误:I want to talk to the person breaking the window. 3. 现在分词被动式的用法 当要表示一个被动动作时,现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式: (1) 现在分词一般式的被动式:主要表示现在正在进行的动作,也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作: Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。 注:有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因,且多为状态动词): Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车,她感到行动很困难。 (2) 现在分词完成式的被动式:主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。如: The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 比较:Being so ill, she can’t go to school. 由于病得那么严重,她不能去上学。 Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间,他需要一段恢复的时间。 3. 过去分词一般式的用法 过去分词只有一般式,没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动,在时间上它可以表示多种关系: (1) 表示已经发生的动作: Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭,他上不起学。 Built in 1501,the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年,已有五百多年的历史。 (2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概论: He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。 The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。 注:the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。 (3) 表示与谓动词动词同时(几乎同时)发生的动作: Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来,他一言不发。 He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。 (4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态: The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来,双手被绑在后面。 4. 过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别 两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同(参见以上有关用法),但有时它们也可表示相同的意思: Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。 有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同,但有细微区别: Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。 Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室,我们就离开了。(有一种急促感) 四、分词的否定式 分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前,遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式,否定词应置于整个结构之前: Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英语,他不知道他们要什么。 Not having finished his work,he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。 Everyone helped,John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙,约翰也不例外。 五、分词的逻辑主语 1. 何谓分词的逻辑主语 分词属非谓语动词,即不用作谓语的动词,所以它没有真正的主语。但是,分词作为动词的一种形式,它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语: I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语) Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息,他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语) 若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式,则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”: I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语,但是sing 的逻辑宾语) I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语,但是take 的逻辑宾语) 2. 使用分词逻辑主语的易错点 分词作状语,它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语,否则会出错。请看下例: (1) Finding her car stolen, ______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 此题答案应选D,因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”,而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。 在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动,如: (2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though to be told C. Having told D. He was told 根据句意,he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看,应该是“被告诉”在先,“没有理解”在后,故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but,情况有所不同: (3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told 此题答案选D,句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句,同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子,而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。 3. 分词逻辑主语的特例 一般说来,分词作状语,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况: (1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达,它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致: Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。 Judging from what you say,he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。 Considering the distance,he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程,他到达是很快的。 Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素,你最好离开。 (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时,有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致: Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少,我能做的事很有限。 Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人,但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。 (3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词,此时也无需考虑主语一致问题: Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词,意为“假若”) Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验,这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词,意为“考虑到”) (4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时,也无需考虑主语的一致性问题: In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.) 4. 分词的独立主格结构 在通常情况下,分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,若不一致,则应改用其他句型,如: 误:Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正:Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。 正:When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。 解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题,也可在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,故称分词的独立主格结构: The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好,我们就去游泳了。 He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席,什么事也干不成。 以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。

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